This should get you out of the map glitch permanently.

If you load whatever previous save you'd like to continue from, before you exit/enter any place or do anything, click on the map while its still functioning properly and fast travel somewhere. I restarted my game and loaded previous saves and it fixed it temporarily until I entered another area, killed someone,etc. I found that in doing this the map glitches and stays like that, disabling you from fast traveling anywhere or being able to properly see the map again. (When you reach the end of the dungeon you end up back outside in Skyrim but when you click on the map it still shows you as being in a dungeon with the center of the map minimized in black and white.)

I successfully rescued Amren and then after I went through the WhiteRun River Watch dungeon and retrieved his sword, instead of backtracking all the way back through the dungeon, I just shimmied down the mountain side. So I was doing the quest I received from Vilkas of the Companions in WhiteRun to rescue Amren from the Redoran's Retreat and retrieve his Family's Sword.

Disable fast travel skyrim